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新植物 | 研究高生物利用度类姜黄素对重度抑郁症的辅助治疗功效
2020-07-02 00:41 来源:新营养


表1 受试者的人口统计学数据 | 制图:新营养
对比实验前和实验后数据发现,类姜黄素组和对照组HADS得分均有减少(p<0.001)。同样的,两组的焦虑分量表(p<0.001)和抑郁分量表(p<0.001)也均有减少(表2)。对比两组之间的数据发现,类姜黄素组HADS总得分和分量表得分减少更显著(p<0.001)(表3)。 两组BDI-Ⅱ得分均有减少(p<0.001),情绪(p<0.001)、身体(类姜黄素组p<0.001,对照组p=0.001)和认知(类姜黄素组p<0.001,对照组p<0.007)分量表得分也有相同趋势,见表2。对比两组数据发现,类姜黄素组BDI-Ⅱ总得分(p<0.001)和分量表身体(p<0.001)和认知(p<0.001)得分减少更显著。但情绪分量表得分,对照组减少更显著(p<0.001)(表3)。
表2 实验前和试验后两组功效对比 | 制图:新营养
表3两组功效变化大小对比 | 制图:新营养
讨论
本文是类姜黄素食品补充剂对重度抑郁症功效的首批临床研究之一。结果证实类姜黄素可以减轻抑郁和焦虑症状,表现为白氏抑郁量表Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ)和医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)得分显著降低。就笔者所知,此前只有2篇类姜黄素对重度抑郁症患者的临床研究。一项是Sanmukhani等人进行的随机对照试验,重度抑郁症患者使用姜黄素(1000mg/天),氟西汀(20mg/天)或其组合,持续6周。利用汉密顿抑郁量表(HDRS)评估,结果表明单独使用姜黄素或单独使用氟西汀功效相当,但氟西汀/姜黄素组合并未显示出更强的功效(Sanmukhani et al., 2014)。另一项是Bergman等人进行的5周药物抗抑郁(西酞普兰或万拉法新)实验,姜黄素-胡椒碱(姜黄素500mg/天)作为外加一味结合药物治疗,利用临床抑郁程度量表(CGIS),汉密顿抑郁量表(HDRS)和蒙哥马利·阿斯伯格抑郁评定量表(MADRS)评估。结果发现,姜黄素与标准抗抑郁药物组合并未显示出对抑郁症更好的治疗效果。但与空白组相比,姜黄素具有更快缓解抑郁症状的趋势(Bergman et al., 2013)。值得考虑的是,上述两项实验与本文实验相比,测试样本数都更小。
之前不同的实验模型已经证实类姜黄素具有抗抑郁功效。在小鼠强迫游泳和尾悬挂实验中,类姜黄素能够减少固定时间,逆转利血平诱导的行为绝望,并且可以增强反苯环丙胺,司立吉林,万拉法新,氟西汀和安非他酮的抗固定作用(Kulkarni et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2005a)。在不同的抑郁实验模型中包括不可预测的轻微压力(Bhutani et al., 2009; Li et al., 2009),嗅球切除(Xu et al., 2005a),慢性疲劳(Gupta et al., 2009),类姜黄素还显示出纠正行为异常和生物化学异常的功效。
重度抑郁症是多种因子失调导致的疾病,其特点为一系列器官的失调,如下丘脑-脑垂体-肾上腺失调,神经递质释放失调,糖皮质激素抵抗,神经发生减少,炎症和氧化压力。有趣的是,因其多重功效和生物靶点作用,类姜黄素可以调节上述所有失调(Lopresti et al., 2012)。
类姜黄素抗抑郁功效最重要的机理是其强大的抗炎作用,(Sahebkar, 2014a; Shehzad et al., 2013b)。据文献报道,抑郁与炎症密切关联,主要反映在促炎因子水平升高,如IL- 1β、IL6、TNF-α,干扰素-γ和c-反应蛋白(Dowlati et al., 2010; Howren et al., 2009; Myint et al., 2005)。姜黄素通过抑制关键炎症因子抑制炎症反应,如NF-κb, COX-Ⅱ,丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Strimpakos and Sharma, 2008; Zhou et al., 2011)。此外,在动物实验模型中,类姜黄素可以抑制脑组织中单胺氧化酶和提升血清素、多巴胺和去甲肾上腺素水平,同时减少谷氨酸--主要兴奋神经递质的含量(Kulkarni et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2011; Xia et al., 2007)。类姜黄素还能改善下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺失衡,减轻皮质酮引起的神经毒性(Xu et al., 2011)和提高海马神经因子水平、随后促进神经元生长和增殖(Xu et al., 2007 ),这些都是治疗抑郁症不可或缺的。类姜黄素通过抑制氧化应激反应保护神经,抑制活性氧簇产生和脂质过氧化(Wei et al., 2006)。这种抗氧化特性可以防止脑组织线粒体功能失调,从而减少因有氧代谢失衡和ATP产生减少而引起的相关神经精神并发症(Zhu et al., 2004)。
类姜黄素在临床应用中的主要问题是其生物利用度很低。在现有的各种解决低生物利用度问题的策略中,与胡椒碱联合使用已被证明是最有效的方法。胡椒碱是存在于黑胡椒(Piper nigrum L.)中主要的生物碱成分。它是一种著名的生物利用度增强剂,主要通过抑制小肠和肝脏内葡萄醛酸酶,来提高药物吸收并减少排泄来达到提升生物利用度作用(Atal et al., 1985; Shoba et al., 1998)。胡椒碱提高生物利用度的其他机理包括改变屏障细胞膜结构,增加肠组织灌注,抑制外排作用,如p -糖蛋白(Chearwae et al., 2004; Khajuria et al., 2002)。据文献报到,胡椒碱可显著提升姜黄素在人体(2000%)和大鼠(154%)中的生物利用度(Shoba et al., 1998)。此外,已有多项临床研究证实这种组合的其他相关功效(Mohammadi et al., 2013; Panahi et al., 2012a, 2012b; Sahebkar et al., 2013; Shoba et al., 1998)。
本文实验研究结果应考虑到一些局限性。首先,出于对照组的伦理考虑,姜黄素对抑郁症状的功效不受对照组药物影响。第二,本研究未评估单独使用类姜黄素的功效。但据本文和之前的研究(Sanmukhani et al., 2014),类姜黄素类有可能替代目前抗抑郁疗法。这对重度抑郁症患者非常有利,因为类姜黄素是非常安全的,即使在大剂量使用时(Cheng et al., 2001)。类姜黄素的安全性和良好的耐受性对需要长期治疗的重度抑郁症患者尤为重要。
结论
综上所述,本项临床实验结果证实,在标准抗抑郁疗法基础上复配使用姜黄素-胡椒碱是非常有效的,可显著缓解抑郁症状。今后需要进行更大样本量、盲标实验来证实目前的发现,并探索单独使用姜黄素-胡椒碱治疗重度抑郁症的功效性。最后,检测重度抑郁症患者在补充姜黄素-胡椒碱后血清中炎症因子水平的变化,将有助于证实类姜黄素的抗抑郁作用是否其抗炎特性有关。
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